Citrate de betaine in english: An enchanting compound, betaine citrate, is rising as a possible powerhouse in numerous fields. From boosting liver well being to enhancing agricultural yields, its multifaceted purposes promise a transformative affect. Understanding its chemical make-up, dietary advantages, and various makes use of is vital to unlocking its potential. We’ll delve into its origins, manufacturing strategies, and the thrilling analysis unfolding round this exceptional substance.
This exploration of betaine citrate in english will unravel its properties, potential well being advantages, and purposes. We are going to cowl every thing from its chemical construction to the most recent analysis findings, equipping you with a complete understanding of this versatile compound. Let’s embark on this journey of discovery!
Introduction to Betaine Citrate
Betaine citrate, a flexible compound, is a vital ingredient in numerous purposes, from dietary dietary supplements to industrial processes. Its distinctive properties make it stand out amongst different natural compounds, providing a mix of advantages for various wants. This exploration delves into the specifics of betaine citrate, its manufacturing, and its numerous types.Betaine citrate is a salt shaped from the mixture of betaine and citric acid.
Chemically, it is a zwitterionic molecule, that means it possesses each optimistic and damaging prices inside its construction. This attribute influences its solubility and interplay with different substances. The precise association of atoms within the molecule offers it specific properties, similar to its capacity to enhance mobile perform.
Chemical Construction and Properties
Betaine citrate’s construction entails a quaternary ammonium group, which contributes to its total polarity. This polarity is vital to its capacity to work together with water and different polar molecules. The citric acid element contributes to its acidity and total stability. The interaction of those components offers betaine citrate its distinctive profile, influencing its efficiency in several purposes.
Sources and Manufacturing Strategies
Betaine citrate is usually derived from beet molasses, a byproduct of sugar beet processing. Specialised fermentation processes are used to extract and purify the betaine from the molasses. The citric acid element is usually sourced from naturally occurring citric acid or produced by way of chemical synthesis. These mixed processes result in a pure, high-quality product.
Obtainable Varieties
Betaine citrate is obtainable in numerous types, catering to various wants. Frequent types embody:
- Powder: This granular type is usually utilized in dietary dietary supplements and meals purposes, permitting for straightforward mixing and incorporation.
- Capsules: Encapsulated types present a handy approach to devour the complement, significantly for people in search of a exact dosage.
- Liquid options: Some formulations exist as liquid options, which may be tailor-made for particular wants or present quicker absorption.
These totally different types supply flexibility to customers and producers, permitting customization for various makes use of.
Historic Context
The usage of betaine, a precursor to betaine citrate, dates again to the early twentieth century. Its recognition as a significant element in numerous metabolic processes led to its rising use in dietary dietary supplements. Betaine citrate emerged as a extra accessible and versatile type of betaine, broadening its utility spectrum.
Comparability with Different Comparable Compounds
| Attribute | Betaine Citrate | Betaine | Citric Acid |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formulation | C10H19NO6 | C4H9NO2 | C6H8O7 |
| Solubility | Excessive in water | Excessive in water | Excessive in water |
| Acidity | Reasonably acidic | Impartial | Acidic |
| Purposes | Dietary dietary supplements, meals components | Dietary dietary supplements, animal feed | Meals preservation, flavoring agent |
This desk highlights the important thing distinctions between betaine citrate and related compounds, emphasizing their distinctive chemical compositions and various purposes.
Dietary and Well being Advantages
Betaine citrate, a naturally occurring compound, is gaining recognition for its potential well being advantages. This versatile nutrient performs a vital position in numerous bodily capabilities, providing a spread of benefits for total well-being. Its affect on metabolism and mobile processes is especially intriguing.A rising physique of analysis suggests betaine citrate could supply quite a lot of benefits, from supporting liver well being to doubtlessly boosting athletic efficiency.
The compound’s position in methylation, a important course of in mobile perform, provides to its attraction. Whereas extra analysis is required to totally perceive its results, preliminary findings paint a promising image.
Potential Advantages for Liver Well being
Betaine citrate is usually related to supporting liver perform. The liver performs a central position in cleansing, and this compound could support the liver in its essential metabolic processes. Analysis signifies betaine citrate will help scale back the buildup of dangerous substances throughout the liver, doubtlessly defending towards injury. This protecting impact is attributed to its position in supporting the liver’s pure cleansing pathways.
Preliminary research have proven promising outcomes, highlighting the potential of betaine citrate in selling liver well being.
Position in Metabolism and Mobile Operate
Betaine citrate’s affect extends past the liver. It performs a big position in numerous metabolic processes, together with methylation. Methylation is important for a wide selection of capabilities, from DNA synthesis to neurotransmitter manufacturing. Betaine citrate’s involvement in these processes is believed to contribute to total mobile well being. This involvement is especially related for people with particular dietary wants or these in search of to optimize their metabolic perform.
Potential Advantages of Betaine Citrate
This compound could supply quite a few advantages, though additional analysis is required to totally set up the extent of those results. This is a breakdown of potential benefits:
- Improved Liver Operate: Some analysis suggests betaine citrate can help liver well being by lowering the buildup of doubtless dangerous substances. This protecting impact is attributed to its capacity to reinforce the liver’s pure cleansing processes.
- Enhanced Metabolism: Betaine citrate is concerned in essential metabolic processes, significantly methylation. Optimizing methylation can help numerous bodily capabilities, from DNA synthesis to neurotransmitter manufacturing. This affect on metabolism is linked to improved mobile perform.
- Potential Antioxidant Properties: Some research point out betaine citrate could exhibit antioxidant properties, serving to shield cells from injury brought on by free radicals. This protecting mechanism remains to be below investigation however suggests potential advantages for total well being.
- Potential Help for Athletic Efficiency: Some analysis hints at betaine citrate’s potential to enhance athletic efficiency, doubtlessly lowering muscle fatigue and enhancing restoration. Additional investigation is critical to make clear this facet.
Limitations and Caveats
Whereas promising, it is necessary to acknowledge potential limitations:
- Particular person Responses Differ: The results of betaine citrate can fluctuate considerably between people, influenced by components like genetics and present well being situations.
- Dosage Issues: Optimum dosages of betaine citrate for particular well being advantages are nonetheless being decided, and individualized steering is really useful.
- Lengthy-Time period Results: Extra in depth long-term research are wanted to totally perceive the long-term results of betaine citrate consumption.
Abstract Desk
| Physiological Course of | Potential Impact of Betaine Citrate |
|---|---|
| Liver Operate | Potential help for cleansing and safety towards injury |
| Metabolism | Potential enhancement of methylation and associated processes |
| Mobile Operate | Potential enchancment of total mobile well being |
| Athletic Efficiency | Potential help for improved restoration and lowered fatigue (extra analysis wanted) |
Purposes and Makes use of
Betaine citrate, a flexible compound, finds purposes in a mess of sectors, extending far past its dietary advantages. Its distinctive properties make it a helpful ingredient in meals, drinks, prescribed drugs, and even agriculture. This part delves into the varied methods betaine citrate is employed throughout these industries.Betaine citrate’s stability and effectiveness as a nutrient enhancer make it a sought-after ingredient.
Its capacity to enhance numerous facets of product high quality, together with style, texture, and shelf life, is a serious driver in its widespread adoption.
Meals and Beverage Manufacturing
Betaine citrate is a standard additive in meals and drinks, usually used as a taste enhancer and preservative. Its capacity to reinforce the style and mouthfeel of varied merchandise makes it a helpful element in processed meals, snacks, and drinks. It will possibly additionally contribute to improved texture and stability. Examples embody its use in enhancing the flavour and texture of fruit juices, bettering the shelf lifetime of processed meats, and including a nice style to sports activities drinks.
Pharmaceutical Trade
Betaine citrate’s position within the pharmaceutical business is usually linked to its potential as a secure and efficient ingredient for numerous formulations. It may be integrated into dietary supplements and medicines as a element to assist absorption, enhance bioavailability, and function a stabilizing agent. Moreover, betaine citrate is being investigated for its potential position in treating sure medical situations, though extra analysis is required.
Agricultural Purposes
In agriculture, betaine citrate is typically used as a nutrient complement for crops. It acts as a stress reliever and might improve development in numerous crops. This utility is especially useful in areas going through environmental challenges like drought or excessive salinity. For instance, research have proven betaine citrate can enhance crop yields below annoying situations.
Desk of Purposes Throughout Sectors
| Sector | Particular Purposes |
|---|---|
| Meals and Beverage | Taste enhancer, preservative, texture improver, in fruit juices, processed meats, sports activities drinks, and extra |
| Prescription drugs | Complement ingredient, bettering absorption, bioavailability, and stability; investigated for potential in treating medical situations |
| Agriculture | Nutrient complement for crops, stress reliever, enhancing development, significantly in areas with drought or excessive salinity |
Security and Dosage
Betaine citrate, a naturally occurring compound, usually seems secure for consumption. Nonetheless, like several complement, accountable use and consciousness of potential results are essential. Understanding the protection profile, potential unintended effects, and acceptable dosages is vital to maximizing advantages and minimizing dangers.Betaine citrate is taken into account secure for most people when taken throughout the really useful dosage ranges. Research have proven it to be well-tolerated with minimal reported adversarial results.
Nonetheless, particular person responses can fluctuate, and a few people could expertise gentle digestive discomfort or different reactions.
Security Profile
Intensive analysis means that betaine citrate, when consumed throughout the really useful dosage vary, is mostly well-tolerated. Experiences of significant adversarial occasions are uncommon. This security profile is supported by a big physique of scientific literature, indicating its low toxicity and minimal unintended effects. This permits for its widespread use in numerous contexts.
Potential Facet Results
Whereas betaine citrate is usually secure, some people would possibly expertise gentle unintended effects, similar to digestive points like bloating, gasoline, or diarrhea. These results are often momentary and resolve on their very own when the dosage is adjusted or consumption is lowered. Not often, extra extreme reactions could happen, however these are unusual. It is all the time advisable to seek the advice of with a healthcare skilled for those who expertise any uncommon or persistent signs.
Beneficial Dosage Pointers
The really useful dosage of betaine citrate varies relying on components similar to particular person wants, well being situations, and the precise utility. Common pointers can be found, however consulting a healthcare skilled is all the time really useful for customized recommendation. Individualized suggestions are important to optimize advantages and keep away from potential dangers.
Components Influencing Dosage
A number of components affect the optimum dosage of betaine citrate. These embody age, weight, total well being, particular well being situations, and the supposed objective of supplementation. As an example, athletes could require increased dosages for efficiency enhancement, whereas people aiming for common well being enhancements would possibly require decrease quantities. Understanding these components helps tailor the dosage to particular person wants.
Typical Dosage Ranges
| Context | Typical Dosage Vary (mg/day) |
|---|---|
| Common well being | 2500-5000 |
| Athletic efficiency | 5000-10000 |
| Liver help | 2500-7500 |
| Cognitive perform | 2500-5000 |
Be aware: These are common pointers solely. Seek the advice of a healthcare skilled for customized suggestions.
Analysis and Research
Unraveling the mysteries of betaine citrate’s results requires a deep dive into the analysis. Scientific research present helpful insights into its potential advantages, limitations, and purposes. Let’s discover some key analysis findings to grasp its affect higher.This exploration will uncover how scientists examine betaine citrate, the outcomes they’ve noticed, and the areas the place extra analysis is required. It is an interesting journey into the world of dietary science.
Key Analysis Methodologies
Analysis on betaine citrate employs numerous methodologies, together with randomized managed trials (RCTs), animal research, and in vitro experiments. RCTs, thought-about the gold normal in human analysis, contain evaluating a gaggle taking betaine citrate with a management group. Animal research present helpful insights into the mechanisms of motion and potential results in organic programs. In vitro experiments are carried out in check tubes or petri dishes, permitting for managed observations of mobile responses.
Every strategy provides distinctive benefits and drawbacks in revealing betaine citrate’s true potential.
Comparative Evaluation of Analysis Findings
Totally different research have reported various results of betaine citrate on numerous parameters. Some research have proven optimistic associations with enhancements in liver well being markers, whereas others haven’t discovered statistically important adjustments. Components just like the dosage, period of the examine, and the precise inhabitants studied can affect the outcomes. Understanding these nuances is essential in deciphering the analysis findings precisely.
Limitations of Present Analysis
The prevailing analysis on betaine citrate is just not with out its limitations. Pattern sizes in some research could also be small, making it troublesome to generalize findings to a wider inhabitants. The period of many research is comparatively quick, which can not seize the long-term results of betaine citrate. Additional, some research lack detailed details about the members’ dietary habits and different way of life components which may affect the outcomes.
Addressing these limitations is important for a extra complete understanding of betaine citrate’s potential.
Influence on Biomarkers in Animal Fashions
Animal fashions have been instrumental in exploring the results of betaine citrate on numerous biomarkers. Research have demonstrated that betaine citrate supplementation can affect liver perform, stress response, and lipid profiles in animal fashions. For instance, one examine noticed enhancements in liver enzymes and lowered oxidative stress in rats fed a high-fat weight loss plan supplemented with betaine citrate. Additional analysis is required to translate these findings to people.
Abstract of Analysis Findings
| Examine | Methodology | Final result | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Examine 1 | RCT, human topics | Improved liver perform markers | Small pattern measurement |
| Examine 2 | Animal mannequin, rats | Lowered oxidative stress | Brief period |
| Examine 3 | In vitro, cell tradition | Elevated mobile vitality manufacturing | Lack of medical relevance |
| Examine 4 | RCT, human topics | No important impact on blood strain | Massive pattern measurement |
Be aware: This desk is a simplified illustration. A complete evaluation would require a considerably bigger desk with extra detailed details about every examine.
Interactions and Contraindications
Betaine citrate, a well-liked complement, usually reveals an excellent security profile. Nonetheless, like several substance, potential interactions with different substances or medicines exist. Understanding these interactions is essential for accountable use and to keep away from any negative effects. Figuring out what to anticipate can empower you to make knowledgeable selections about your well being.Interactions with different substances and medicines are a key facet of accountable supplementation.
A cautious analysis of doable interactions is paramount to make sure optimum well being outcomes.
Potential Interactions with Medicines
Betaine citrate could work together with sure medicines, significantly these affecting liver perform or kidney perform. It is important to debate any complement use together with your physician, particularly for those who’re taking medicines for persistent situations. The interaction between dietary supplements and prescribed medicines may be complicated, so consulting a healthcare skilled is all the time really useful.
Drug-Nutrient Interactions
Betaine citrate, like different vitamins, can doubtlessly affect the absorption or metabolism of sure medicines. This interplay can both improve or diminish the effectiveness of the treatment. Due to this fact, a radical analysis is important to stop any adversarial results or unintended penalties.
Potential Interactions with Different Dietary supplements
Sure dietary supplements could work together with betaine citrate. As an example, for those who’re taking dietary supplements that have an effect on liver or kidney perform, warning is suggested. Consulting a healthcare skilled is essential to keep away from any damaging outcomes and make sure the security and effectiveness of your complement routine. At all times contemplate potential synergistic or antagonistic results of mixed dietary supplements.
Contraindications
Sure people could have particular contraindications for taking betaine citrate. For instance, these with pre-existing kidney or liver situations ought to seek the advice of a healthcare skilled earlier than taking betaine citrate. Moreover, pregnant or breastfeeding girls must also search skilled recommendation earlier than supplementing with betaine citrate.
Desk of Potential Interactions and Contraindications
| Potential Interplay/Contraindication | Rationalization |
|---|---|
| Medicines affecting liver/kidney perform | Betaine citrate could have an effect on the perform of those organs. Seek the advice of a healthcare skilled for potential interactions. |
| Pre-existing kidney or liver situations | People with these situations ought to seek the advice of a healthcare skilled earlier than taking betaine citrate. |
| Being pregnant or breastfeeding | Seek the advice of a healthcare skilled earlier than utilizing betaine citrate throughout being pregnant or breastfeeding. |
| Different dietary supplements affecting liver/kidney perform | Mix betaine citrate with different dietary supplements with warning. Seek the advice of a healthcare skilled. |
| Excessive doses of betaine citrate | Whereas usually secure, very excessive doses would possibly trigger digestive discomfort. Seek the advice of a healthcare skilled. |
High quality Management and Requirements
Making certain the purity, security, and efficacy of betaine citrate is paramount. Rigorous high quality management measures are important all through the whole manufacturing course of, from uncooked materials sourcing to closing product packaging. This meticulous strategy ensures that buyers obtain a constant and reliable product.The manufacturing of betaine citrate, like every other meals or pharmaceutical ingredient, is topic to a posh internet of requirements and laws.
These laws are put in place to guard public well being and guarantee truthful practices throughout the business. Adherence to those requirements is important for sustaining client belief and stopping potential hurt.
High quality Management Measures
The standard management course of for betaine citrate begins with the number of high-quality uncooked supplies. This entails stringent testing procedures to substantiate the purity and absence of contaminants within the betaine and citric acid used. These uncooked supplies are rigorously scrutinized to fulfill particular high quality parameters. This meticulous strategy to uncooked materials choice is essential for guaranteeing the ultimate product’s high quality and security.
Thorough evaluation of uncooked supplies ensures constant product high quality.
Requirements and Laws
Varied governmental our bodies and business organizations play a significant position in setting and implementing requirements for betaine citrate manufacturing. These requirements embody facets like manufacturing processes, testing protocols, and labeling necessities. These requirements and laws are established to keep up consistency and safeguard customers. Strict adherence to those laws ensures that the product meets established high quality standards.
Testing Procedures
A number of important checks are employed to confirm the purity and high quality of betaine citrate. These checks embody assays for figuring out the focus of betaine citrate, figuring out potential contaminants, and assessing the product’s total stability. This complete testing ensures the protection and effectiveness of the product. These checks are very important in guaranteeing the product’s suitability for supposed use.
- Id testing: This verifies the presence of the supposed parts and their right ratio.
- Purity testing: Checks for the absence of contaminants or different substances which may compromise the product’s high quality.
- Assay testing: Measures the exact focus of betaine citrate within the closing product.
- Stability testing: Evaluates the product’s resistance to degradation over time below numerous storage situations.
Position of Regulatory Our bodies
Regulatory our bodies, such because the Meals and Drug Administration (FDA) in america or equal organizations globally, oversee the whole manufacturing course of to make sure compliance with security requirements. Their involvement in high quality management ensures that the product adheres to the established pointers. These our bodies play a significant position in safeguarding the well being and well-being of customers.
Abstract Desk
| Regulatory Physique | Requirements and Laws |
|---|---|
| FDA (USA) | Ensures compliance with security requirements for meals components and dietary dietary supplements |
| European Meals Security Authority (EFSA) | Establishes requirements for meals security and high quality in Europe |
| Different Nationwide/Regional Companies | Implement particular nationwide or regional laws and requirements for betaine citrate |
Manufacturing Course of
Betaine citrate, a well-liked dietary complement, is produced by way of numerous strategies. Understanding these processes is essential for guaranteeing high quality, security, and environmental duty. The number of a selected methodology usually hinges on components similar to desired product purity, scale of manufacturing, and cost-effectiveness.
Strategies of Betaine Citrate Manufacturing
Totally different strategies exist for creating betaine citrate, every with its personal set of benefits and drawbacks. These methods vary from easy chemical reactions to extra intricate processes involving a number of steps.
- Direct Synthesis: This strategy entails reacting betaine with citric acid below managed situations. The response usually happens in a solvent, and the ensuing product is purified to fulfill particular requirements. This methodology may be fairly environment friendly, however reaching the specified purity and yield can generally be difficult.
- Esterification adopted by Acid Hydrolysis: On this methodology, betaine is first reacted with an acceptable ester, after which the ensuing ester is hydrolyzed with citric acid. This two-step strategy permits for larger management over the response situations, doubtlessly resulting in increased product high quality. Nonetheless, this methodology may be extra complicated and time-consuming than direct synthesis.
- Neutralization and Precipitation: This course of entails mixing options of betaine and citric acid, rigorously adjusting the pH to advertise the formation of betaine citrate. The ensuing precipitate is then filtered and dried. This methodology is comparatively easy, making it cost-effective for large-scale manufacturing. Nonetheless, potential impurities within the uncooked supplies could be carried by way of to the ultimate product.
Step-by-Step Rationalization of a Frequent Manufacturing Course of
A typical manufacturing course of for betaine citrate entails a number of key steps. These steps are essential for guaranteeing consistency and high quality all through the manufacturing run.
- Preparation of Options: Correct weighing and dissolving of betaine and citric acid in acceptable solvents, like water, are important for exact stoichiometry. Sustaining a managed temperature throughout this stage is important to stop degradation of the reactants.
- Response and Mixing: The ready options of betaine and citric acid are mixed in a reactor. Cautious stirring and temperature management are very important throughout this step to make sure homogeneous mixing and full response.
- Crystallization: Because the response proceeds, betaine citrate crystals start to type. The temperature and pH of the response combination are rigorously monitored to encourage the formation of huge, high-quality crystals.
- Filtration and Washing: The crystals are separated from the remaining liquid (mom liquor) by way of filtration. Thorough washing of the crystals with an acceptable solvent removes any residual impurities and extra reactants.
- Drying and Packaging: The filtered crystals are dried to a desired moisture content material. The dried product is then packaged and saved below acceptable situations to keep up its high quality and stability.
Comparability of Manufacturing Strategies
| Methodology | Benefits | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Direct Synthesis | Environment friendly, comparatively easy | Purity and yield challenges |
| Esterification adopted by Acid Hydrolysis | Better management over purity | Advanced, time-consuming |
| Neutralization and Precipitation | Price-effective, easy | Potential for impurities from uncooked supplies |
Environmental Influence
Manufacturing betaine citrate, like several industrial course of, can have environmental implications. Minimizing the usage of solvents, optimizing vitality consumption, and accountable waste administration are key to lowering the environmental footprint. Sustainable practices, similar to utilizing renewable vitality sources and recycling waste supplies, are essential for a greener manufacturing course of.
Historic Context and Evolution: Citrate De Betaine In English
Betaine citrate, an interesting compound with a wealthy historical past, has journeyed from scientific curiosity to a distinguished position in trendy vitamin and well being. Its journey mirrors the evolving understanding of human well being and the search for pure methods to help well-being. From its preliminary discovery to its present standing as a well-liked dietary complement, betaine citrate’s story is a testomony to the enduring energy of scientific exploration and the rising recognition of the significance of vitamin.The preliminary understanding of betaine citrate’s potential was constructed upon the broader scientific understanding of betaine and its position in numerous metabolic processes.
Early analysis centered on its affect on nutrient absorption and total bodily perform. As scientific data expanded, so did the popularity of betaine citrate’s potential advantages for numerous well being situations, resulting in additional investigation and improvement.
Early Discoveries and Preliminary Purposes
Betaine, the core element of betaine citrate, was initially recognized and studied within the late nineteenth century. Researchers started exploring its presence in numerous crops and its position in plant metabolism. Early purposes centered totally on agricultural and industrial makes use of, like bettering plant development and industrial processes. The connection to human well being remained largely unexplored.
Evolution Throughout Cultures and Time, Citrate de betaine in english
The usage of betaine-rich meals has been noticed in numerous cultures all through historical past. For instance, sure conventional diets emphasised the consumption of meals excessive in betaine, reflecting an intuitive understanding of its potential well being advantages. Nonetheless, a scientific examine of betaine citrate’s impact on people and its distinct properties remained absent till comparatively current occasions.
Milestones in Betaine Citrate Analysis
A number of key milestones marked important developments in betaine citrate analysis. The identification of particular metabolic pathways involving betaine and the following affirmation of its optimistic affect on numerous bodily capabilities spurred additional analysis. Detailed research on the results of betaine citrate on particular well being situations and the institution of security pointers have been essential steps in its acceptance. The event of standardized manufacturing processes ensured consistency and high quality management in dietary supplements, permitting for broader acceptance and utility.
Altering Perceptions of Betaine Citrate
The notion of betaine citrate has shifted from a distinct segment scientific curiosity to a widely known dietary complement. Early analysis primarily centered on its position in supporting total well being and well-being. Later, the main target broadened to embody particular purposes, like supporting liver well being, cognitive perform, and athletic efficiency. The rising variety of scientific research and the rising physique of proof have solidified its place as a useful complement for numerous populations.
Timeline of Key Developments
| Yr | Occasion | Influence |
|---|---|---|
| Eighties | Preliminary identification of betaine | Basis for future analysis on betaine’s position in organic processes |
| Nineteen Fifties-Nineteen Sixties | Elevated examine of betaine in numerous organisms | Understanding betaine’s affect on metabolism and mobile perform in organisms |
| Eighties-Nineteen Nineties | Preliminary research on betaine citrate’s potential human well being advantages | Starting of analysis exploring the compound’s results on human well being |
| 2000s-present | Important enhance in analysis and purposes of betaine citrate in dietary supplements | Widespread recognition of betaine citrate as a dietary complement |
